Here’s a detailed introduction to guppies:
1. Basic Characteristics and Classification
Scientific Name and Taxonomy
- Scientific Name: Poecilia reticulata
- Common Names: Also known as guppy, rainbow fish, or millionfish.
- Classification: Belongs to the Animalia kingdom, Chordata phylum, Actinopterygii class, Cyprinodontiformes order, Poeciliidae family, and Poecilia genus.
Physical Features
- Males: Grow to 3–5 cm in length, with caudal fins (tail fins) accounting for 2/3 of their body length. They display vibrant colors (e.g., red, blue, metallic hues) and diverse tail shapes (round tail, swordtail, lyretail, etc.).
- Females: Larger in size (up to 6 cm), with silvery-gray body color and shorter tail fins.
Sexual Dimorphism
- Marked sexual dimorphism: Males are smaller but more colorful, while females are plainer with a swollen abdomen.
2. Ecological Habits
Origin
- Native to freshwater basins in Trinidad, Venezuela, northern Brazil, and the West Indies in Central and South America.
Adaptability
- Water Tolerance: Thrives in polluted waters and moderate temperatures (22–26°C / 72–79°F), preferring slightly alkaline water quality with a pH of 6.8–7.4.
- Diet: Omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects, algae, and other small organisms.
Breeding Traits
- Reproduction: Ovoviviparous (gives live birth). Females can produce 10–120 fry per month, earning them the nickname “millionfish.”
- Lifespan: Approximately 1–2 years.
3. Uses and Value
Ornamental Value
- Cultivated Varieties: Over five major strains (e.g., tuxedo, grass tail, snake skin) exist. Their colorful patterns and diverse tail shapes make them one of the most popular tropical aquarium fish worldwide.
Scientific and Practical Uses
- Research: Used in studies on genetic variation and medical research.
- Mosquito Control: Introduced globally as “mosquitofish” due to their natural predation of mosquito larvae (wrigglers).
4. Aquarium Care Tips
Suitability for Beginners
- Easy to Keep: Low maintenance requirements. Recommended for group housing (female-to-male ratio of 4:1). Maintain clean water and provide live food (e.g., brine shrimp).
Key Considerations
- Tank Mates: Avoid housing with aggressive fish species.
- Water Temperature: Cultivated varieties may require slightly higher water temperature, around 26°C (79°F).
This overview covers the biology, habits, and care of guppies, making them an ideal choice for both novice and experienced aquarists.