Siamese fighting fish, commonly known as bettas, have the ability to distinguish colors. Their visual system can perceive a rich spectrum of hues, which is closely linked to their vibrant body colors and complex courtship behaviors. Below is a detailed analysis:
1. Connection Between Color Perception and Behavior
The body color of bettas—especially Thai bettas (Betta splendens)—is extremely vivid, featuring high-saturation shades such as red, blue, and green. During courtship, male bettas attract females by displaying their bright body colors and intricate patterns. This visual display behavior indirectly indicates that they can recognize color differences among their own species. For instance, a male with more intense red or iridescent blue coloring often has a higher chance of gaining a female’s attention, as the female can clearly distinguish these color variations to assess the male’s health and genetic fitness.
2. Genes and Color Diversity
Bettas have approximately 20,000 color-related genes, and their body colors become even more diverse through artificial breeding. This genetic richness further demonstrates the sensitivity of their visual system to colors. Take solid-colored bettas (e.g., pure red ones) as an example: when they breed offspring, the young may exhibit a variety of color mutations—ranging from orange to purple or even multi-colored patterns. This genetic diversity relies on the bettas’ ability to discriminate colors; without being able to perceive these variations, the selection of mates based on color (a key part of their natural reproduction) would not be possible.
3. Evidence from Breeding Observations
Betta keepers have noticed that their fish respond more actively to live food (such as bloodworms). The bright red color of these prey likely stimulates the bettas’ hunting instincts, as their visual system can quickly detect and focus on this vivid hue. Additionally, bettas distinguish between individuals of different quality based on body color and fin condition: a male with bright, uniform coloring and undamaged fins is often seen as dominant, while those with dull colors or tattered fins are more likely to be avoided in competition. This observation further reflects the importance of color in bettas’ social interactions.
In summary, bettas not only can discriminate colors but also rely on this visual ability to guide key behaviors such as courtship, predation, and intraspecies competition—making color perception a critical part of their survival and reproduction.