The main requirements of betta fish in a tank include suitable water quality and temperature, adequate hiding spaces, proper lighting, and a varied diet. Details are as follows:
1. Water Quality & Temperature: Stability is Key
Water Temperature
Betta fish are tropical fish, and their optimal growth temperature ranges from 24-28°C (75-82°F). If the temperature drops below 20°C (68°F), they will stop eating and become less active; prolonged exposure to temperatures below 15°C (59°F) makes them prone to diseases like water mold and enteritis. Temperatures above 30°C (86°F) will reduce dissolved oxygen levels and disrupt their metabolism. A heater is necessary to control the temperature in winter, while direct sunlight should be avoided in summer to prevent sudden temperature spikes.
Water Quality
pH Level: Neutral to slightly acidic water (pH 6.5-7.5) is ideal. Betta fish are sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, so levels of both must be strictly maintained at 0 ppm.
Water Hardness: They can adapt to soft to moderately hard water (GH 5-15°dGH), but sudden changes in water hardness should be avoided.
Dissolved Oxygen: Betta fish have a labyrinth organ that allows them to breathe air directly, but clean water is still essential. The dissolved oxygen level should be maintained at around 5 mg/L.
Water Change Frequency: Replace 1/3 to 1/2 of the tank water weekly. New water should be left to sit for 1 day (or treated with a water conditioner) to remove chlorine, and the temperature difference between the new water and the tank water should not exceed 2°C (3.6°F).
2. Hiding Spaces: Security is Fundamental
Solitary Housing Need
Betta fish are highly territorial, and male bettas will fight fiercely with each other—thus, they must be kept alone in a single tank. Female bettas can be temporarily kept in small groups (3-5 individuals), but hiding spots are still required.
Hiding Spot Options
Aquatic Plants: Plants like hornwort and hydrilla not only provide hiding places but also release oxygen through photosynthesis.
Clay Pots/Driftwood: Their enclosed inner spaces are ideal for bettas to rest and take shelter.
Rock Formations/Small Caves: These simulate natural environments, reducing stress responses in bettas.
Substrate: Dark-colored substrate (e.g., black or dark brown) can enhance the vibrancy of bettas’ body colors while providing a surface for beneficial microorganisms to attach to.
3. Lighting & Shading: Balance is Critical
Lighting Needs
Betta fish do not require strong lighting. For small glass tanks, a small, soft-light fixture is sufficient—this also promotes the growth of aquatic plants (if present).
Shading Measures
Direct sunlight should be avoided in summer. Floating plants (such as duckweed) can be used to block intense light, or a shade cloth can be placed over the tank.
4. Food & Nutrition: Variety is the Principle
Staple Food
Specialized betta pellet food (with a protein content of 35% or higher) is recommended, as it is nutritionally balanced, clean, and hygienic.
Supplementary Food
Offer frozen bloodworms, frozen brine shrimp, or live daphnia 1-2 times a week. These supplements provide additional protein and help enhance the bettas’ coloration.
Foods to Avoid
Do not feed bread crumbs or human food—these can contaminate the water and cause enteritis.
Feeding Frequency
Adult bettas should be fed once a day, while juvenile bettas should be fed twice a day (in small portions each time). The amount of food per feeding should be enough for them to consume within 5 minutes.
5. Other Considerations: Details Determine Success
Tank Selection
Square tanks are optimal (round tanks can cause visual disorientation for bettas). Ultra-clear glass tanks are preferred for their high transparency, durability, and long service life. A 20-30 cm (8-12 inch) tank is recommended for single betta housing, while a tank of 40 cm (16 inches) or larger is needed for group housing (of females).
Jump Prevention
Adult bettas may jump out of the tank when startled. A tank lid is necessary, or the water level can be lowered to reduce this risk.
Disease Prevention
Test water quality regularly to prevent ammonia and nitrite levels from exceeding safe limits. Common diseases like ich (white spot disease) and velvet disease can be treated by raising the water temperature, adding aquarium salt, or using specialized medications.